War is nothing like chess.
I am a big chess fan.
I can name every chess world champion since Morphy; I could probably name around 17 of the world’s current top 20; I can checkmate a lone king with two bishops and a king; I have a good working knowledge of just about every opening there is.
(And by working knowledge, I don’t just mean I’ve “heard” of the Sicilian defense. I don’t just mean that I know that 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e5 is the Sveshnikov. I mean that I am fully aware of the differences between the 9. Nd5 and 9. Bxf6 Sveshnikov, and prefer the former.)
The problem is, I’m just not that good.
Oh, I can beat most casual players…the ones that begin a game by moving a rook pawn (to a4, say) and then move their rooks out vertically (to a3, say). In USCF rating terms, my rating is around 1800, which (to my own surprise) is about the 85th percentile for tournament players. So objectively, I am not bad at all. But I am good enough to be aware of just how much better other players are. I have a friend Shawn who is a master (here he is drawing a grandmaster). I am in awe of his tactical strength, and his fine sense of dynamics. I have beaten him dozens of times in speed chess, but for every game I win, he wins 10.
It has taken me a while to get to the point of this blog post, which is this: I like chess because of its icy logic and its mathematical purity. For this reason, chess is a horrible metaphor for war, or for life.
Chess is used in books and movies for two basic purposes. The first is to establish the intelligence of a character. For example, Lisbeth Salander (in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo) is an expert at chess. This was a bad choice on the author’s part: Lisbeth is also an expert hacker and financial genius, has an eidetic memory, and is an incredible detective—why stretch credulity even further? A lot of great chess players are certainly smart, but the correlation doesn’t go the other way: many smart people are terrible at chess. Einstein was probably weaker than me. Oppenheimer was even worse. Comedian Howard Stern, a player of about my strength, would crush either one.
The other use for chess in books and movies is as metaphor. In The Seventh Seal, Antonius Block plays a game of chess against Death. In Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (the original title; not the dumbed-down American version) someone plays chess with someone else (like I remember?) In both cases the chess itself is ludicrous. For example, at one point Death captures Block’s queen; Block says that he “didn’t see that”. (Really? Did Block just learn the rules the day before?) But I don’t want to evaluate the chess in such works per se; rather, I want to see how well chess works as a metaphor.
First, chess as war. I can’t think of any examples off the top of my head, but there seems to be an assumption that skill at chess somehow equates to skill at war. But this is ludicrous: in chess, every move is transparent; you can always see what your opponent is doing, and everyone starts on a level playing field. In terms of game theory, chess is a perfect information game. I’m no Colonel Dax, but I don’t think war works that way. There is always a fog of war, and an element of chance, so war is about contingencies, and adaptability, and bluff, and extrapolation.
Second, chess as life. I have to admit, I don’t really get this metaphor at all. Is life therefore a game? A perfect information game? If chess represents life, does that mean that I struggle throughout my life against an opponent (Satan? Howard Stern?) who is trying to thwart me at every turn? And if I play well, but my opponent does too, then am I destined for a draw? What is a draw, in life? Is it retiring at 65 to play shuffleboard in Orlando?
As much as I like chess, I think backgammon is a much better metaphor for war or for life. In backgammon, there is an element of chance, and so the “the best laid schemes o’ mice an’ men” will often go awry. That is why a good backgammon player will weigh contingencies. What move leaves me in the best position, based on what dice rolls are possible, and what might happen? In backgammon, you’re not just playing against an opponent, you’re playing against the fates themselves (in the form of the dice) and this makes the game feel more “real” to me.
People who don’t play backgammon often think that luck is a major part of the game. This is true, on the level of a single game, but backgammon is played in matches of multiple games, and luck is much less important at that level. This is because of the doubling cube. With the doubling cube, a master will almost always defeat a weaker player, in the same way that a Napoleon will almost always win a war against a General Mack, even if an individual battle is lost here or there.
And so, life. The dice aren’t always going to go your way. You should plan with that in mind. Look at your current position, figure out the possible contingencies—the possible ways God might play dice with your universe—and set up your pieces accordingly. Even if you get gammoned, tomorrow’s another day.
[Note: I subconsciously chose an inept Austrian general to be the foil against Napoleon’s military genius. But I want to be balanced in my portrayal of Austrians. So I will remind everyone that Lise Meitner was Austrian, and she was a super-smart physicist. And strangely, her father was Philipp Meitner, a chess master and part of the immortal draw.]
Many Worlds Theory 